Sunday, December 29, 2019

Japans Juvenile Justice System - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1585 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/07/03 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Juvenile Justice Essay Did you like this example? Japan is a chain of islands located in the Pacific Ocean with a population of 127,185,332 people. This island nation is the forefront of technology, especially in Tokyo, which is also the largest city in Japan. There are four main islands that are called Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Japans Juvenile Justice System" essay for you Create order Most of Japans population lives on these main islands. Japan has a very homogenous with about 98.5 percent of the population being Japanese with small minorities of Korean, Chinese, and Brazilians. The largest native ethnic group in Japan is the Yamato people. Japan is the worlds oldest country that being the percent of the population age 65 or older is about 26.7 percent and is predicted to hit 40 percent by 2050. Japan has the highest life expectancy in the world. Sadly, Japan also has one of the worlds highest suicide rates. Back in 2009, there was a suicide every 15 minutes adding up to 33,000 people taking their own life. Thankfully Japans suicide rate has been on a steady decline over the last few years, however, it is still the leading cause of death of individuals age 30 or younger. It is predicted that Japans population could fall to just about 96,000,000 by 2050, to combat this the government is now announcing incentives for families to have more than one child. This pa per is about the crime and delinquency in japan. The justice agencies that deal with these situations and how they compare with the U.S. Crime and Delinquency The age of criminal responsibility is 12 in japan compared to criminal responsibility being 6 in the united states. In 2015 japans criminal levels were 12.8 % to rank (18th) compared to the US at 55.84 (ranked 30th). Murder rate per million people at 3.97in Japan compared to 42.01 U. S Rape per million people at 10.11 Japan compared to 274.04 in the U.S. Gun crime (guns per 100 residents) 0.6 for Japan compared to 88.8 in the U. S (Japan vs United states crime Stats) The total number of juvenile crimes in japan is 856, 130. 850 of these crimes was murder/ Manslaughter. Robbery was 19,200 of these crimes. Aggravated assault was 28, o6o of these crimes. Burglary was 31,990 of these crimes Larcenytheft was the highest with 134,180 crimes committed. Motor Vehicle theft had 15,720 crimes committed. Lastly arson had 2,550 crimes committed. Along with an extensive list of other crimes such as forgery, fraud, embezzlement, vandalism, runaways, etc. As of 2014 the total number of crimes in Japan is about 2.85 million. The percent of annual cannabis use is0.1% of total crime. Opioid use is0.1% of the total crime committed. The murder rate (per 100k) is 1.02. The rape rate (per100k) is 1. Lastly guns (Per 100) is 0.6 %. In 2017 japan the number of japan juveniles that where the subject to police action was 26,797. 478 of those actions was due to money Transfer fraud and 245 was due to bullying that involved injury or assault. These statistics show that japan has a relatively low crime rate compared to the U.S but they still think that they can do better and a lot of people there are still afraid to walk home from work alone at night. US violent crimes (2016), 1,248,185. 4.1% increase from 2015. In The U.S Aggravated assault accounted for 64.3%, robbery offenses accounted for 26.6%, rape accounted for 7.7%, murder accounted for 1.4% of those violent crimes. Drug crimes are next with 84% of all drug arrests in 2015 were simple low-level drug possession. 43% of all drug arrests were for marijuana law violations and 39% of all arrests were for marijuana possession. Property Crimes are next and in 2016, there were 7,919,035 property offenses (1.3% decline from 2015). Larceny-theft accounted for 71.2%, burglary accounted for 19.1%, motor vehicle theft accounted for 9.7%. Property crimes resulted in $15.6 in losses. In the U.S in 2017, an estimated 1,247,321 violent crimes occurred nationwide, a decrease of 0.2 percent from the 2016 estimate. There were an estimated 382.9 violent crimes per 100,000 inhabitants in 2017, a rate that fell 0.9 percent when compared with the 2016 estimated violent crime rate and dropped 16.5 percent from the 2008 estimate. Aggravated assaults accounted for 65.0 percent of violent crimes reported to law enforcement in 2017. Robbery offenses accounted for 25.6 percent of violent crime offenses; rape (legacy definition) accounted for 8.0 percent; and murder accounted for 1.4 percent. Justice Agencies Despite Japans low crime rate, especially when compared to the U.S., Japan still struggles with organized crime. Japans policing agencies and government are making headway in the war on organized crime however. In 2017, membership in the various Yakuza groups declined to 34,500 members according to the National Police Agency. In 1964, Yakuza membership numbered more than 184,000. The Yakuza, and other organized crime syndicates use bars, clubs, and massage parlors as fronts for their less legitimate businesses. In some cases, the Yakuza lend money to individuals and then force them into slavery (typically sex work) to pay back their debts and impossible interest rates. In Tokyo, the Yakuza set up shop in neighborhoods like Roppongi, Shinjuku, Shibuya, and Ikebukuro and target foreign tourists and locals alike. Despite what some may believe, the Yakuza is not just one organization, rather it is a term such as the mafia, and is made up of several Yakuza families. The largest Yakuza fam ily is the Yamaguchi-gumi. The Yakuza are also believed to date back to the time of the samurai and have strict codes of conduct and harsh punishments for failure. It is not uncommon to see individuals in the Yakuza missing fingers, as it is a common punishment for failure to chop off your finger in front of, and present said finger to the boss. The Yakuza are also well known for their tattoos often covering most of the body. Some modern Yakuza are straying away from the tattoo tradition as it is a clear indication of their criminal involvement in a time where the government is cracking down on organized crime. So even though japan has a relative low crime rate they still do struggle with crime and a lot of their crime is organized crime. In Japans Juvenile Justice system, they are mainly focused on rehabilitation of their juveniles. Also, in japan a juvenile is some one who is 14 to 19 years old. Also, they have three different behaviors for juveniles. The first one is offenses committed by those who are 14 years or older. They are classified as Juvenile delinquents/offenders. The Next is Offenses committed by offenders who are younger than age 14 and have committed an illegal act. They are classified as Juveniles below 14. The final one is Juveniles who are more inclined to violate the law and/or commit an offense based on their living environment, personality, and/or inability to follow instructions. They are classified as pre-delinquents. Japan still retains their Parents Patri where the state becomes the parent of the child if the state finds the biological parent unfit to be a parent. There are 50 family courts in Japan this is much fewer than in the US. A number of cases that are referred to family courts a re summary judgment cases, which do not have hearings. The family court may send juveniles to a classification home for evaluation, protection, and observation. Of the 343 cases sent to family court in 2013, 30 (8.7%) were addressed without a hearing. Of the 313 going through a hearing, 123 (39%) received probation,94 (30%) were held in a training school,41 (13%) were placed in a social welfare institution,27 (9%) were served by a social welfare agency, and28 (9%) had no further action. In practice, the Japanese Juvenile Justice system generally operates on reintegrative shaming and restorative justice principles. The underlying premise of reintegrative shaming rests on the notion that disapproval (or shame) along with forgiveness, respect, and acceptance by society may lead to a lower crime rate, if the disapproval of crime is communicated effectively. The restorative justice aspects reflect the Japanese emphasis on apologies and redemption minus the guilt. In the U. S the Populat ion: 326,766,748 (most recent count for 2018). The focus on how to handle juveniles in the system is: rehabilitation. The top crimes in the U.S. for Juveniles is Larceny-Theft- 134,180 , and Burglary- 31,990.Definition of a Juvenile is a person who has not attained his or her eighteenth birthday. How the us deters crime is by having sociological outlook on things, that with the right environment socially and in the home, juveniles will be less likely to commit crimes. In the U.S crime is something that we have viewed as just inherently wrong rather then it being something we should be ashamed of. Comparison of Japan and the United States Juvenile Justice Systems Japans juvenile justice system is focused more on rehabilitation rather than punishment. The Japanese use rehabilitation because they believe juveniles do not have the capacity to determine right from wrong. When they use punishment on juveniles, it is mostly with shaming tactics, with forgiveness and acceptance too. With 50 family courts in Japan, the system involves the parents in the juvenile justice process. Majority of juveniles who go to family court receive probation or get sent to a training school. When compared to the U.S. Japan has a significantly lower crime rate. Japan has approximately 2.85 million crimes a year, while the U.S. matches that with just violent crimes and drug crimes. In the juvenile system, Japan has about 26,800 juveniles encounter police action. Meanwhile, the U.S. arrests 856,100 juveniles. When it comes to organized crime, Japan is still struggling. While the number has declined significantly, the Yakuza families have an estimated 34,500 members com bined. The Yakuzas have been known to lend money to people and keep them in debt, as well as set up shops to target tourists and locals. So, in conclusion Japan has a great juvenile justice system but they still struggle with crimes especially with adult crimes and organized crimes.

Saturday, December 21, 2019

What Is Love What It Is - 1527 Words

What is Love? When asked the question â€Å"What is Love?† what are some of the first things that come to mind? Some people might say it is an emotion that we experience when we interact with the world around us. People can have love for many things such as money and other material possessions, family and friends, even the world around them. These are just a few examples of how we often use love in our lives. However, love is not only confined to our lives, it is also a very important emotion in religions as well. Before I talk about love in religion I want to give a more in depth explanation of what love is and why it is important from a human perspective. If you were to ask a psychologist what they think love is, they would probably describe it as an emotion or something that we feel when we experience desire or attraction to something. Our brains release chemicals such as dopamine and adrenaline when we experience love. It is a driving force that can cause us to act a certa in way, think a certain way, or even believe a certain way. Because of this, it is often regarded as the single most powerful emotion a person can experience. Love is also very important during the development stages of children and teens because it can have many different effects on their personality and lifestyle when they get older. From the beginning we experience love from our parents, after all they did bring you into this world. As we grow older we make friends, and some of those friendships willShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Love?1020 Words   |  5 Pages250 Tu/Thu 10/5/10 What is Love? Love is one of the most difficult words to define. I challenge you to try. You can even go the easy way and simply Google the word â€Å"love†. What you will find is not one but hundreds of definitions along with countless books, movies, and songs all having to do with love. 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Thursday, December 12, 2019

Gaining sustaining competitive advantage - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Gaining sustaining competitive advantage. Answer: Introduction Strategy is considered to be one of the most crucial aspects of any business enterprise. A strategy serves as a guideline to the company and helps the company in expanding the business operations. The chosen company for the given assignment is General Mills and the chosen segments are Snacks and Convenience Food (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). The report has given a background of the company and presented a time line of its history of international expansion. The second part of the report discusses the different strategic approaches adopted for the chosen segment. Company Perspectives The General Mills is a multinational manufacturer based in America and is also the marketer of various branded consumer products. The headquarters of the company is based in Minnesota. The brand is an absolute favorite in the eyes of the consumers because it offers superior quality products as well as services (Barney 2014). The employees find General Mills a good company to work for as it rewards innovation and appraises the performance of the employees. The company has been growing consistently since the last few decades. The company history and the timeline of international expansion have been given in the next section: Time Line Years Significance 1850-1900 The company opened its first mill flour in Minneapolis and Crosby entered as a partner of Washburn. The partners increased and in the year 1980, the company won an international competition. 1900-1950 The main highlight of the given time period was that James Ford began the acquisition and amalgamation of various mils in the region with that of General Mills (Generalmills.com. 2018). Also, during the given period, various products like Cheerios, Bisquick, cake and ready to eat cereals were made. 1950- 2000 The company entered the snack food sector in 1964 by purchasing Morton Foods and went ahead in the introduction of various products like Trix. It was in 1961 that the new president was assigned named Rawlings, who begins a period of wide diversification (Generalmills.com. 2018). It also undertook the frozen sea food and toy sector like Parker Bros, Rainbow Crafts (Eden and Ackermann 2013). The following companies in different sectors were undertaken : Eddie Bauer Talbot Red Lobster Lactose Clothing Yo plait yogurt brand Olive Italian Restaurant However, in 1989, the company sold Edie Bauer and Talbot and formed a venture with Nestle. From that time, it has made several collaborations with Pepsi, Unilever and Ralcorp The company is one of the biggest leading cereal companies in the globe with several brands under its name like Cocoa Puffs, Cheerios and Trix. The company has also been able to expand its operations in the food line sector including desserts and cake mixes. The products of General Mills are available in more than 90 countries and have long term collaborations with Nestle S.A. and PepsiCo. Apart from its domain in snacks in Europe, the company also functions outside the grocery sector in various domains like educational, healthcare, convenient stores and vending machine operations. The portfolio of General Mills became better and the company increased its snack portfolio. And spread its operations to England and Belgium with the purchase of Smith Food Group Limited. The company followed this by opening a French Biscuieria in Latin America and Japan (Ginter, Duncan and Swayne 2018). However, it was in 1989, that the company decided to expand its operations overseas. General Mills partnered with Nestle which was a Switzerland based company. After its amalgamation with PepsiCo, the company entered into Europes snacks market. Post 2000 the company has shown interest in expanding its operations to Asian counties (Martinsuo 2013). With this aim, it has opened various ventures under the company name in Singapore, Malaysia, China and other countries in Africa as well. Figure 1; Net sales of the company (Source: Generalmills.com. 2018). Snacks Division of General Mills Strategic approach and expansion The snack division of General Mills consists of a wide variety of brands that include brands like Chef Mix, Natural Valley, Cascadian Farm and Bugles corn snack. The brand has also added Annie`s which is the newest addition to the snack products line and includes a wide variety of options. The company gets its majority of income from the snacks division. However, recently there was a drop in the sales due to the new demand placed by the millennial who demanded a healthy diet. The snack segment of General Mills snack has had an enormous growth opportunity in the United States (Bettis et al. 2014). The given segment has been growing at a tremendous rate and which has covered more than 40% of the US market share. To capture the health conscious segment, General mills has also invested in the better for you product range which has bars and organic product. Although the strategy followed by General Mills for international expansion of the snacks division included giving out free samples at the malls in Europe, Asia and Australia the products did not achieve international success at the expected rate because the concept of frozen meal was not preferred by the Asian population who have a desire for hot meals specially breakfast. Nevertheless, there exists a huge amount of potential in the snacks segment of the company because of the improving scenario of urbanization, increase in revenue and low base impacts in the Asian market. According to Stead and Stead (2013), the strategic approach was simple. It wanted to become one of the biggest food-ing and consumer goods brand in the globe and for this it followed a policy of buying other business. General Mills believed in making small acquisitions and take over which would automatically give the company an advantage over the rival companies (Morschett, Schramm-Klein and Zentes 2015). Hence, under its umbrella, General mills are associated with a large number of products which are based in different countries. In order to attain success it has planned to enter the local market of the various countries for ease of competition and access to a larger crowd. This approach to international expansion had been taken because it helps in easy functioning. Instead of formulating new recipes and products, take over and acquisitions helped General Mill to have an easy way out. Figure 2: The revenue generated by the company through international and national operations (Source: Generalmills.com. 2018). Convenient Food division of General Mills. Convenient Food concept is a normal formula these days whereby the food is already pre-cooked and packed in a box in order to make it easier for the consumers to just eat them directly or by adding minimal resources in order to cook (Lasserre 2017). In today`s fast paced environment, it is extremely difficult for family members to cook food and spend long hours in the kitchen. Capturing these ideas, many companies started the idea of convenience food (Wheelen et al. 2017). General Mills had also started taking advantage of the given segment and today it has a wide base of products under its umbrella. These products are as follows: Chef Mix Fiber One Nature Valley Annies Betty Crocker Helper Old El Paso Yoki Over the years the company has increased and expanded the Convenience food segment and has spread its activities into various countries like Europe, Asia, Australia and others. It followed a similar policy like that of the snacks segment of acquisition and take over. The following strategic approaches were undertaken by General Mills in order to expand internationally: Setting Goals- It knew that it could not follow a haphazard manner and hence for this purpose it had set well defined goals for the organization`s expansion plan. It had set certain milestones and set out proper target companies (Rothaermel 2015). As the eating habits of Europe are quite similar to that of the Americans and at the time of world wars, travelers used to travel frequently to and fro, the company decided to make Europe its primary target. Later on it set out goals for countries like Asia and Australia as well. Extending strategy to Supply chain- Apart from following techniques like acquisition, mergers and take over, the company widened its supply chain base as well and started importing and exporting from various sources (Slack 2015). The merger with companies like Pepsi proved to be a plus point in its case. It also tied relations with Unilever which went a long way in strengthening the company`s base. Taking the advantage of e-commerce- It also took advantage of the new advent of e-commerce and indirectly widened its market to various countries it had not tied relations with. E-commerce accounts for 1.5 % of the company`s sales. Hence, over the years, it has taken various companies and tied up with other brands like Morton Foods, Pepsi and other large enterprises to get an access to international customer base and expand its operations worldwide. Figure 3: A summary of the performance, segment wise (Source: Generalmills.com. 2018). Conclusion Therefore, the story of General Mills has been quite an impressive one and it has grown its business to a great extent in the last 150 years. Starting as a normal mill company, it expanded its product base widely in order to increase its revenue. The corporate portfolio management of the company was widely headed by the company heads and the different CEO`s who were involved. Without their guidance and help, the expansion would not have been possible. The given report has highlighted the history of the company through a timeline and selected two segments; snacks and convenience food and elaborately discussed their international strategic approach. References Barney, J.B., 2014.Gaining and sustaining competitive advantage. Pearson higher ed. Bettis, R., Gambardella, A., Helfat, C. and Mitchell, W., 2014. Quantitative empirical analysis in strategic management.Strategic Management Journal,35(7), pp.949-953. Eden, C. and Ackermann, F., 2013.Making strategy: The journey of strategic management. Sage. Generalmills.com. ,2018.General Mills: A U.S.-based food company. We serve the world by making food people love, providing quality brands in more than 100 countries on six continents.. [online] Available at: https://www.generalmills.com/ [Accessed 9 Mar. 2018]. Ginter, P.M., Duncan, J. and Swayne, L.E., 2018.The Strategic Management of Healthcare Organizations. John Wiley Sons. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Lasserre, P., 2017.Global strategic management. Palgrave. Martinsuo, M., 2013. Project portfolio management in practice and in context.International Journal of Project Management,31(6), pp.794-803. Morschett, D., Schramm-Klein, H. and Zentes, J., 2015.Strategic international management(pp. 978-3658078836). Springer. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Education. Slack, N., 2015.Operations strategy. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Stead, J.G. and Stead, W.E., 2013.Sustainable strategic management. ME Sharpe. Wheelen, T.L., Hunger, J.D., Hoffman, A.N. and Bamford, C.E., 2017.Strategic management and business policy. pearson.